Justice

Human rights, gender and social exclusion

Social exclusion describes a situation where certain groups within a society are systematically disadvantaged because they are discriminated against. Such groups are often differentiated by race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, religion, caste, or gender.

Formal and informal processes in the justice sector can discriminate against excluded groups. Institutions may lack the technical capacity and services to address the needs of socially excluded groups, for example courts that are physically inaccessible and operate in local languages. Institutions can also have in-built resistance to tackling specific issues. Gender-based violence, for example, is often poorly understood by the police and judges and treated insensitively. Women may be treated as guilty rather than as victims.

Justice sector institutions are pivotal to the legal protection and enforcement of human rights. However, human rights are often poorly understood by those working in the justice system. Justice assistance measures can contribute to the realisation of human rights through appropriate strategies, such as tackling discrimination and addressing the barriers and vulnerabilities faced by socially excluded groups. These groups should be included as active participants in developing policies and initiatives designed to fulfil their rights. Knowledge of local contexts and the formation of broad political coalitions in support of the reforms are important in overcoming resistance.

Page contents

Where is a good place to start?
Human rights
Gender and justice
Juveniles and justice
Gender, juveniles and transitional justice
What other resources are available on the GSDRC?
Additional information resources

Where is a good place to start?

This UNDP guide identifies key socially excluded groups and outlines the various obstacles they face in accessing justice. It provides guidance and recommendations on designing programmes to improve their access.

UNDP, 2005, ‘Disadvantaged Groups’, Chapter 6 in Programming for Justice: Access for All, A Practitioner’s Guide to a Human Rights-Based Approach to Access to Justice, United Nations Development Programme, New York
How can access to justice for disadvantaged groups be improved? This section of a United Nations Development Programme publication explains how capacity development strategies can use a rights-based approach to specifically address the problems of disadvantaged groups and to work with them to create solutions. A holistic range of support should be provided since legal advice is often not the most pressing need of disadvantaged groups. Civil society can play an important role.
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Human rights

Specific approaches and strategies are required to ensure that justice sector reform will contribute to the realisation of human rights for poor people. Justice sector interventions can assist by:

working to ensure that human rights standards are respected by formal justice institutions (for example, by police, prisons or courts) and by non-state justice systems;
strengthening the legal framework to address issues such as discrimination against women, minorities and other groups;
improving people’s ability to bring successful claims on issues such as the right to housing, education or healthcare;
strengthening human rights accountability mechanisms as an integral part of the justice sector.

This document introduces the ways in which human rights organisations and governments can further poor peoples' access to their rights, covering the justice sector among many other areas.

International Council of Human Rights Policy, 2004, Enhancing Access to Human Rights, ICHRP, Geneva
Why do so many people not enjoy rights to which they are entitled? What needs to be done beyond law and legal reform to ensure that rights and entitlements are accessible to all? This report by the International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP) analyses the role that institutions play in alleviating or exacerbating social exclusion. It concludes that human rights organisations need to reposition themselves to become relevant to the very poor and those who suffer systemic discrimination.
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The following papers are a selection of the many documents available on human rights approaches to promoting safety, security and access to justice:

Public Interest Law Initiative, 2001, 'Pursuing the Public Interest: A Handbook for Legal Professionals and Activists'
The role of the law in protecting social rights in the transitional societies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is still being defined. Numerous groups have formed to defend various kinds of public interest using the law, and most have faced similar kinds of hurdle. This book from Columbia University's Public Interest Law Initiative assembles their experiences and offers a guide to those starting new initiatives.
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Coyle, A., 2002, A Human Rights Approach to Prison Management: A Handbook for Prison Staff, International Centre for Prison Studies, London.
How can human rights form an integral part of prison management? What are the common factors that constitute a model for good prison management? This handbook, produced by the International Centre for Prison Studies, draws examples from all regions of the globe, setting out standards agreed by the international community, usually through the UN. The handbook shows that there is a common set of factors which, when taken together, constitute a model for good prison management. Its specific focus is those who deal with prisoners on a day to day basis.
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OHCHR, n.d., Human Rights and Law Enforcement: A Manual on Human Rights Training for the Police, OHCHR
How are international human rights standards relevant to the work of the police? How can these standards be translated into the development of skills, policies and practical behaviour and taught to law enforcement officials? This manual from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) should be used by police educators to train law enforcement officials.
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Gender and justice

In many countries, women's access to justice is obstructed by statutory and customary law that is biased against women, or is not gender-sensitive. Even where there is formal legal equality, women often face discrimination from state and non-state institutions. Structural inequalities, such as lack of time, access to resources and education, can restrict women's ability to engage adequately with the bodies that implement justice. These concerns need to be addressed in the design of justice interventions to ensure that both women and men's legal rights are realised.

Chapter four of the Asia-Pacific Human Development Report provides a good overview of the key challenges associated with reforming judicial systems to tackle problems of gender discrimination or inequality. Using case studies from a range of Asian countries, it identifies some key lessons from various efforts to address legal discrimination across the region.

UNDP Regional Centre for Asia Pacific, 2010, 'Advancing Legal Rights' in UNDP 2010 Asia-Pacific Human Development Report: Power, Voice and Rights: A Turning Point for Gender Equality in Asia and the Pacific, Colombo, pp.111-142
How can legal systems in the Asia-Pacific region be reformed to ensure that men and women receive equal treatment under the law? This report argues that despite the region's success in legislating against gender discrimination, Asia-Pacific still lags behind in the many basic issues of gender equality. Reforms must address both the overt discrimination that characterises many legal systems and the unspoken norms that limit women's rights and access to justice.
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Justice reforms have often focused on economic and financial liberalisation – addressing property rights, investment law and corporate governance. The following paper argues that this focus has neglected reforms necessary to address gender equality and outlines the gaps and priorities for a gender-sensitive system.

Nyamu-Musembi, C., 2005, 'For or Against Gender Equality? Evaluating the Post-Cold War 'Rule of Law' Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa', United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva
Has the post-Cold War rule of law reform agenda in sub-Saharan Africa advanced or impeded gender equality? This paper from the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development reviews the rule of law programme in sub-Saharan Africa. It goes on to compare the priorities of the gender justice movement with initiatives taken by governments and donors. It concludes that gender equality advocates need to challenge market-based justifications for legal arrangements that create or entrench gender inequality.
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Gender-based violence

The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) defines violence against women as ‘any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life’. There are a growing number of studies that document the magnitude and seriousness of gender-based violence; as well as shortfalls and successes in addressing such violence.

The following document examines the consequences of gender-based violence on women’s health and well-being and the broader socioeconomic costs for developing countries. It also reviews initiatives from around the world designed to prevent and respond to gender-based violence, including improving access to justice and services to survivors.

Morrison, A., Ellsberg, M. and Bott, S., 2007, ‘Addressing Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Review of Interventions’, The World Bank Observer, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 25-51
How can gender-based violence be reduced? How can access to justice and support for survivors be increased? This article from The World Bank Research Observer surveys knowledge of and responses to gender-based violence worldwide and highlights emerging good practices. Multiple interventions at different levels (individual, community, institutional, legal, and policy) appear to be necessary.
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The level of women’s participation in government in Rwanda is unprecedented. The following document traces the successful efforts of women parliamentarians to introduce and gain support for a Gender-Based Violence bill in Rwanda.

Pearson, E., 2008, ‘Demonstrating Legislative Leadership: The Introduction of Rwanda’s Gender-Based Violence Bill’, Hunt Alternatives Fund, Washington, DC
What can be learnt from the work of Rwanda's female parliamentarians? This report by the Initiative for Inclusive Security reviews the literature concerning women’s participation in politics. It considers the issue of gender-based violence in Rwanda and the role of women in Rwanda’s government. Factors behind the successful development of the gender-based violence (GBV) law included soliciting input from constituents and maintaining close relationships with civil society. Women parliamentarians’ participatory model of leadership and lawmaking has contributed significantly to improving governance in Rwanda.
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Gender-based violence is often exacerbated in contexts of conflict and instability. The following case studies document the severity of gender-based violence in these contexts and the challenges in addressing the violence – in particular problems with access to justice.

Human Rights Watch, 2008, ‘Five Years On: No Justice for Sexual Violence in Darfur’, Human Rights Watch, New York
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Amnesty International, 2007, ‘Doubly Traumatised: Lack of Access to Justice for Female Victims of Sexual and Gender-based Violence in Northern Uganda’, Amnesty International, London
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The following paper suggests solutions to practical challenges in the development of indicators for programmes aiming to reduce violence against women and improve the response to such violence.

Foglesong, T., 2012. 'Aligning Indicators and Ambitions: How to Improve Indicators Used in Programs to Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls', Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School
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Access to justice

Women, along with other socially excluded groups, are particularly likely to face problems accessing justice institutions. These groups can be excluded because institutions are remote, slow and unaffordable, or because they are biased and discriminatory. Other barriers to justice occur when disadvantaged groups are not aware of their rights, or where justice institutions and processes are intimidating or unnecessarily complex.

The following document examines issues affecting women's access to justice in Uganda, and the potential entry points for overcoming them:

Government of Uganda, 2002, Study on Gender and Access to Justice, The Republic of Uganda Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, Justice, Law and Order Sector
Gender has a significant influence on access to justice in Uganda. Alongside other poor and marginalised groups, women have received little protection from the justice system. This study for the Ugandan Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs identifies the barriers obstructing women’s access to justice and recommends policies that could lead to a more equitable system.
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The following documents address legal and judicial interventions to promote women's access to justice.

Turquet, L. et al., 2011, ‘Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice’, 2011-2012, UN Women
This report highlights the ways in which governments and civil society are working together to reform laws and create new models for justice service delivery that meet women’s needs. It demonstrates how they have risen to the challenge of ensuring that women can access justice in difficult situations, including in the context of legal pluralism and during and after conflict. The report outlines ten recommendations to make justice systems work for women.
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Rodríguez, M., 2000, Empowering Women: An Assessment of Legal Aid Under Ecuador's Judicial Reform Project, Legal Vice Presidency, The World Bank
The World Bank is making efforts to widen the scope of its legal and judicial reform programmes beyond strengthening institutions. Its aim is to design more holistic projects that encompass all actors and organisations with a stake in the administration of justice. This report assesses the Bank’s first attempt to incorporate a programme of legal services for women into a judicial reform operation, implemented in Ecuador.
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Commonwealth Secretariat, 2002, Gender Mainstreaming in Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Background Paper prepared by the Social Transformation Programmes Division, Commonwealth Secretariat for the 12th Commonwealth Law Ministers Meeting, Kingstown, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 18-21 November 2002
What mechanisms are needed for mainstreaming gender into the legal and constitutional affairs of states? This reference manual by the Commonwealth Secretariat offers guidelines to assist governments in advancing gender equality in their countries. It suggests that gender mainstreaming in the state’s legal and constitutional structures is a corollary to mainstreaming gender in development and ensuring equal opportunities and outcomes for women and men.
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Women and property rights

The distribution of property rights is gendered in many parts of the world. Women are often dependent on men to inherit land and housing and to gain access to land. This subordination impacts negatively on gender equality, intra-household inequality and the bargaining power of women, and the broader socioeconomic empowerment of women. These issues, however, are largely overlooked in land reform policies and laws.

The following paper discusses the difficulties that women face in many African societies in accessing land after the death of their husbands. This problem has become especially acute with the rise in deaths from HIV/AIDS.

Villarreal, M., 2006, ‘Changing Customary Land Rights and Gender Relations in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Africa’, International Symposium, ‘At the Frontier of Land Issues’, Montpellier
What gender inequalities are resulting from prime-age adult death in countries affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa? This paper, from an international colloquium, argues that women’s access to land is becoming increasingly tenuous as traditional rules and institutions break down in the face of the epidemic. This in turn heightens the risk of women contracting HIV/AIDS and perpetuating the disease. Although evidence on the conjunction of HIV/AIDS, gender and 'property grabbing' is relatively scarce, the continued viability of some societies may be at stake.
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This brief UNDP paper discusses the importance of addressing the ‘gender asset gap’ in land reform and poverty reduction policies.

Manji, A., 2008, ‘Gender, Land Rights and Democratic Governance’, UNDP Democratic Governance Group
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This report shows how violations of women's property rights require responses spanning the whole justice system as well as other sectors:

Human Rights Watch, 2003, Double Standards: Women's Property Rights Violations in Kenya, Human Rights Watch Report, Vol. 15, No. 5
In Kenya and most sub-Saharan African countries, women's property rights are unequal to those of men. Their rights to own, inherit, manage and dispose of property are under constant attack from customs, laws, individuals – including government officials. What are the individual experiences of women in Kenya? What steps can be taken toward improving women’s property rights in law and practice? This paper from Human Rights Watch analyses the ways in which women’s property rights are violated, the consequences in terms of poverty and abuse, as well as attempts to provide recommendations for improvement.
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Women, security and conflict

Women suffer tremendously from conflict and state incapacity. Their experience of conflict, violence and repression, and their particular needs in such contexts, usually differ from those of men. Women tend to be sidelined from formal conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes, however, and post-conflict recovery and reconstruction programmes often overlook women’s security needs. This compromises the inclusiveness and sustainability of peacebuilding efforts.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) recognises this shortfall. It addresses the impact of war on women, mandates the protection of women and girls during and after conflict and the greater involvement of women in conflict resolution, peacekeeping and peacebuilding processes.

The following report seeks to expose the realities of the impact of violent conflict on women, to emphasise the need for protection and assistance, and to document the positive role women have played in peacebuilding and reconstruction. The key areas of focus are: violence against women; displacement; health; HIV/AIDS; organising for peace; peace operations; justice and accountability; media and communications; reconstruction; and prevention.

Rehn, E. and Johnson Sirleaf, E., 2002, ‘Women, War and Peace’, Independent Expert’s Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-building’, United Nations Development Fund for Women, New York
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The UNIFEM briefing below discusses the positive impact of all-female police forces as well as the benefits of making police services more generally responsive to women.

UNIFEM, 2007, ‘Gender Sensitive Police Reform in Post Conflict Societies’, Policy briefing paper, United Nations Development Fund for Women and United Nations Development Programme
What role can gender-sensitive police reform play in post-conflict situations? This policy briefing paper, published by UNIFEM and UNDP, argues that post-conflict contexts present important opportunities for law-enforcement reform. At the same time, the need for GSPR in practice is particularly acute during peacekeeping missions and the process of rebuilding state institutions. Key aspects of gender-sensitive police reform are discussed, drawing on findings from an inter-agency study and from programming in various countries undertaken by UNIFEM and UNDP.
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Conducting a gender assessment can be a first step in transforming security sector institutions into gender-responsive institutions. The following document provides guidance on how to conduct such an assessment.

Bastick, M., 2011, ‘Gender Self-Assessment Guide for the Police, Armed Forces and Justice Sector’, Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva
This self-assessment guide is a tool for assessing the gender responsiveness of a security sector institution. It comprises an eight-stage process to conduct an assessment of the institution, create an action plan to move the organisation forward, and monitor and evaluate the plan’s implementation. While it can be used by other security sector institutions, it is particularly designed for use by police services, armed forces and justice sector institutions. A gender-responsive security sector institution is one that both meets the distinct and different security and justice needs of men, women, boys and girls and promotes the full and equal participation of men and women.
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The following UNODC report stresses the need to prevent women from being imprisoned unnecessarily and unfairly in Afghanistan. It also advocates for reforms of the prison system that rectify the lack of safety for women prisoners, the lack of facilities and education for children in prison with their mothers, and that address women’s specific social reintegration needs.

Atabay, T., 2007, 'Afghanistan: Female Prisoners and their Social Reintegration', United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, New York
What is the situation of female prisoners in Afghanistan? How can the government of Afghanistan and the international community promote their social reintegration? This report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime assesses the situation of women prisoners in Afghanistan. It argues that promoting female prisoners’ social reintegration requires a comprehensive policy for women throughout their involvement with the criminal justice system.
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Juveniles and justice

Juveniles may face particular social, financial, institutional and legal barriers when accessing justice. They are particularly susceptible to mistreatment and abuse by the police and other justice sector personnel. As well as interacting with the justice system in their own capacity, children and young people are also affected when parents or guardians are victims of crime or are sanctioned through the justice system. Juveniles should be afforded the same rights as adults by the justice system. In addition, they have specific needs relative to their age and vulnerability. The justice system needs to be child-sensitive. Information and support to children to assist them with claiming their rights must be provided.

Grandjean, A., 2010, 'No Rights without Accountability: Promoting Access to Justice for Children', in Legal Empowerment: Practitioners’ Perspectives, ed S. Golub, International Development Law Organisation, Rome, pp. 265-283
How can policy interventions help in securing children's access to justice? Widespread acceptance of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) implies a profound change in attitudes to children, but obstacles remain for children in accessing justice. This chapter analyses initiatives targeting the 'demand-side' of justice for children. It highlights principles such as targeting the most excluded children, local ownership, and a multi-disciplinary, systemic approach.
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The vast majority of children who come into conflict with the law commit petty offences – often due to dire social, economic and political realities. The following two reports argue that efforts should be made to avoid criminalising children and to keep them out of the formal justice system.

Martin, F. and Parry-Williams, J., 2005, ‘The Right Not to Lose Hope: Children in Conflict with the Law – A Policy Analysis and Examples of Good Practice’, Save the Children, London
How do children end up in conflict in the law and what can be done to alleviate their plight? This report, published by Save the Children as a contribution to the UN Study on Violence Against Children, looks at children in conflict with the law in the broader context of their lives. It contains detailed case studies of community-based responses from around the world. Care and protection systems must be improved, and children's coping strategies should not be criminalised.
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United Nations Children's Fund, 2004, Justice for Children: Detention as a Last Resort, Innovative Initiatives in the East Asia and Pacific Region, UNICEF
Improving justice for children, including juvenile justice laws, policies and procedures is one of the most important strategies for enhancing the protection of children in society. But how can this best be done? This study by UNICEF of the East Asia and Pacific region argues for policies that use ‘detention as the last resort’. It concludes that diversion not only reduces the number of children deprived of their liberty, but also decreases the rate of repeat offending by young people.
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This UN document provides guidance on ensuring that children are protected by justice systems in all circumstances – including in conflict-affected and fragile states.

United Nations, 2008, ‘Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: UN Approach to Justice of Children’, United Nations, New York
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This manual identifies and discusses fifteen key indicators to measure the state of juvenile justice and to ensure the protection of children.

UNICEF/UNODC, 2007, ‘Manual for the Measurement of Juvenile Justice Indicators’, United Nations, New York
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The following report provides programme and advocacy experiences from member organisations of the Inter-Agency Coordination Panel on juvenile justice.

Inter-Agency Coordination Panel on Juvenile Justice, 2005, ‘Protecting the Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law’, Inter-Agency Coordination Panel on Juvenile Justice
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Additional case studies

Hamilton, C., 2007, ‘Analysis of the Juvenile Justice System in Georgia’, UNICEF Georgia, Tbilisi
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Morris, C., 2008, ‘Developing a Juvenile Justice System in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Rights, Diversion and Alternatives’, Youth Justice, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 197-213
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Gender, juveniles and transitional justice

The United Nations defines transitional justice as the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society’s attempts to come to terms with a legacy of large-scale past abuses, in order to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation. These involve judicial and non-judicial mechanisms (with differing levels of international involvement, or none at all) that include individual prosecutions, reparations, truth-seeking, institutional reform, vetting and dismissals, or a combination thereof.

The nature and consequences of human rights violations differ significantly for men, women and children. Transitional justice mechanisms, however, are often not designed to incorporate these differing perspectives – and the voices and needs of women and children are thus neglected.

Truth commissions, a key transitional justice mechanism, are established to research and report on massive human rights violations from armed conflict or under authoritarian regimes. The reports produced by these commissions often provide policy recommendations, including the provision of reparations. The following documents stress the importance of including a gender perspective in the work of truth commissions and in discussions of reparations. This would allow the documentation of the differing experiences of women in conflict, violence and repression; and could also promote an exploration of root causes of the conflict – including unequal power relations and gender inequality. It would also allow reparations to be tailored to the needs of women and to address social and economic inequality linked to gender.

World Bank, 2006, 'Gender, Justice, and Truth Commissions', World Bank, Washington
How have truth commissions (TCs) in societies emerging from conflict or repressive regimes incorporated a gender approach to their investigations of human right violations? What assistance could development actors, particularly the World Bank, provide to such an approach? This paper from the World Bank analyses the degree to which a gender-sensitive perspective was used in three TCs, in South Africa, Peru and Sierra Leone. It argues that a gender approach can enhance the effectiveness of reparations offered by TCs and prevent future conflicts, and that increased support from international actors might strengthen TCs’ engagement with such issues.
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Rubio-Marín, R., 2006, 'What Happened to the Women? Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations', Advancing Transitional Justice Series, no. 1, International Center for Transitional Justice, Social Science Research Council, New York
What happens to women whose lives are transformed by human rights violations? This volume from the International Centre for Transitional Justice explores gender and reparations policies in Guatemala, Peru, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Timor-Leste. It argues for the systematic introduction of a gender dimension into reparations programmes as a way of acknowledging the rights of female victims.
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The following paper evaluates progress in addressing the particular experiences of women during conflict. It argues for broader changes in peace processes and transitional justice mechanisms in order to systematically ensure gender justice.

Valji, N., 2007, ‘Gender Justice and Reconciliation’, Occasional paper, no. 35, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin
How do women's experiences of conflict and transition differ from those of men? What effect does this have on transitional justice mechanisms? This paper from Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation South Africa examines assumptions held within the field of transitional justice from a gendered perspective. There is a need to move beyond a focus on individual incidents of sexual violence in conflict to address the context of inequality which facilitate such violations and a continuum of violence.
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The specific needs of children have rarely been addressed in detail in the literature on transitional justice. The following paper discusses the special needs and rights of children who have suffered grave violations during armed conflict in terms of access to justice, and in the case of perpetrators, in terms of degree of accountability.

Hamilton, C. and Dutordoir, L, et al., 2011, ‘Children and Justice During and in the Aftermath of Armed Conflict’, Working Paper, no. 3, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, UN, New York
The purpose of this paper is to bring more conceptual clarity to the issue of children and justice in times of armed conflict by examining relevant legal provisions, academic discussions and a number of case studies. It attempts to articulate how children who have suffered grave violations during armed conflict can access justice and how the current system deals with child victims and witnesses. It also explores the issues surrounding responsibility of children who may have committed international crimes during conflict, the nature of their accountability and where they should be placed in the spectrum between total impunity and total responsibility. The paper aims at guiding and supporting advocacy efforts to ensure that the rights and best interest of the children are protected while ensuring that justice is done.
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone is the first case where the needs of child soldiers have been incorporated into the design of a transitional justice mechanism.

Mann, N. and Theuermann, B., 2001, 'Children and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone: Recommendations for Policies and Procedures for Addressing and Involving Children in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission', UNICEF National Forum for Human Rights and UNAMSIL/Human Rights
This report offers recommendations for policies, guiding principles and detailed special procedures for the involvement of children in the proceedings of the TRC. It recommends that the special procedures be applied to all children. The TRC's role is seen as both to create an official record of what happened to children during the conflict in Sierra Leone, and to facilitate the reintegration of children back into their communities or host communities.
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More resources on transitional justice can be accessed on the ‘transitional justice' section of this guide.

What other resources are available on the GSDRC?

Resources on access to justice can be accessed from the ‘access to justice' section of this guide.
Resources on gender and non-state justice systems can be accessed from the ‘non-state justice and security systems’ section on this guide.
More resources on gender and social exclusion can be accessed from the ‘social exclusion’ topic guide.
Further resources on human rights can be accessed from the 'human rights' topic guide.

Additional information resources

The Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD) includes regional news on human rights, gender and justice issues and some online publications.
UN Women's website includes resources on addressing violence against women.
The website of the International Centre of Transitional Justice includes a section on gender justice.
The International Center for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy has a webpage on Juvenile Justice, which includes guidelines for the prosecution of crimes against children.
Read more on juvenile justice from Eldis.